International trade and economy

Spanish goods exports exhibit greater responsiveness to EU trade agreements than those of other member states, with the divergence becoming more pronounced over time. Where trading partners share historical or linguistic ties with Spain, export growth is driven primarily by the intensive margin; where such ties are absent, the expansion of the export basket through the addition of new products plays a comparatively more important role.

The dollar has lost more than 11% of its effective exchange rate value since early 2025, defying the appreciation that would normally accompany higher tariffs. The evolution reflects not just policy uncertainty but a deeper recalibration of the dollar′s role as the anchor of the international financial system.

Este trabajo examina el papel de los acuerdos comerciales de la UE en la evolución de las exportaciones españolas de bienes, comparando el caso español con el del resto de la UE.