Articles
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Artificial intelligence and the labor market in Spain: Occupational exposure and estimated effects on employment
3 June 2026
AI adoption among Spanish firms rose from 12.4% to 21.1% between 2023 and 2025, concentrated in sectors where exposure to automation is already highest. While the distributional consequences fall disproportionately on mid-level white-collar workers, reversing earlier displacement patterns, Spain’s position at a historic employment peak offers an opportunity to manage this transition from a position of relative strength.
Autores: Rodríguez Fernández, Francisco
Tags: AI disruption
AI diffusion in the EU: Why geography still determines technology adoption
AI adoption among EU firms has accelerated rapidly but remains highly uneven, with Scandinavian economies recording adoption rates above 35% compared with single digits in parts of Southern and Eastern Europe. Persistent gaps in economic development, research capacity, and workplace digitalisation help explain this divergence, with potentially significant implications for long-term productivity convergence across the bloc.
Autores: Salas Fumás, Vicente
Tags: AI diffusion
The limitations of AI and their implications for the economy
Public debate on AI oscillates between dismissal and alarmism, but both extremes stem from the same misunderstanding: misreading what the technology actually does. Pattern recognition and imitation do not amount to capacity for reasoning or creativity, and that distinction will shape AI’s ultimate impact on jobs and productivity.
Autores: Münchau, Wolfgang
Tags: AI limitations
A decade of Solvency II and the review underway
Since 2016, Solvency II has reinforced solvency, governance and supervisory convergence across the EU, but has also revealed procyclical pressures, an excessive compliance burden on smaller insurers, and constraints on the sector′s capacity to finance long-term productive investment. The review now underway aims to correct these imbalances while preserving the framework′s prudential foundations.
Autores: Blasco, Ignacio, Hernández, Moisés, Milner, Aitor, Yagüe, Alfredo
Tags: Insurance regulation
Geopolitics and the internationalization of Spanish Banking: Risk and diversification
Rising geopolitical tensions are increasingly shaping bank valuations, financial conditions, and risk perceptions in global markets. Spanish banks’ high degree of internationalization offers a partial buffer, with geographic diversification helping to stabilize earnings and mitigate exposure to localized shocks.
Autores: Cuadros Solas, Pedro, Suárez Carlos, Nuria
Tags: Spanish banks
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