Articles
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Bank bond spreads after the Global Financial Crisis: From fragility to fundamental strength
23 July 2025
Once seen as safer and cheaper than corporate debt thanks to its regulated profile and implicit government backing, since the 2008 financial crisis, bank-issued debt has carried a risk premium, driven by regulatory shifts, sovereign exposures, and profitability concerns. Recent improvements in capital generation, liquidity, and diversification suggest that the premium may no longer be justified on fundamental grounds.
Autores: García Curtit. Juan Jesús, Jiménez, Salvador, Pino, Javier
Tags: Banks spreads
Bridging the financial literacy gap: Structural, cognitive, and situational disadvantage in adolescence
In recent years, adolescent financial literacy has gained prominence as a critical skill, yet large gaps persist across academic and socioeconomic cohorts, as well as across varying degrees of exposure to financial education. These disparities reflect deeper structural and educational inequalities, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions that equip all students for real-world financial decision-making.
Autores: Área financiera y digitalización
Tags: Financial education
Revolving credit in Spain: Between financial inclusion and consumer risk
Revolving credit plays a growing but still limited role in Spain’s household borrowing landscape, offering flexible financing to consumers with limited access to conventional credit. However, its complex structure and high associated costs raise concerns around transparency, education, and regulatory oversight.
Autores: Berges, Ángel, Bryant Cano, Aitana, Periago, Juana María
Tags: Revolving credit
Spain’s household and corporate accounts in 2024: Diverging growth paths
In 2024, Spain’s households continued to build financial strength through rising incomes, high savings, and manageable debt burdens. Meanwhile, non-financial corporations faced falling profitability and persistently weak investment, revealing a growing imbalance in the post-pandemic recovery.
Autores: Fernández, María Jesús
Tags: Non-Financial Accounts
Household perceptions of the Spanish economy: Growth trends and social frictions
Spain has recorded some of the eurozone’s strongest post-pandemic growth, with gains driven by tourism, immigration, and EU recovery funds. Yet, household perceptions remain mixed, shaped by inflation, tax pressures, and persistent inequality that undercut the broader economic narrative.
Autores: Miyar, María, Romero Jordán, Desiderio
Tags: Economic sentiment
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