MODIFICACIONAUTORES
Artificial intelligence and the labor market in Spain: Occupational exposure and estimated effects on employment
AI adoption among Spanish firms rose from 12.4% to 21.1% between 2023 and 2025, concentrated in sectors where exposure to automation is already highest. While the distributional consequences fall disproportionately on mid-level white-collar workers, reversing earlier displacement patterns, Spain’s position at a historic employment peak offers an opportunity to manage this transition from a position of relative strength.
